The Legacy of ?thelwulf: Father of Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great, born circa 848/849, was one of the most significant monarchs in English history, reigning from 871 until his death in 899. His father, ?thelwulf, was a prominent figure in the early ninth century, playing a crucial role in the expansion and stability of the Kingdom of Wessex. Let us delve into the history of ?thelwulf and examine the circumstances that shaped the future of an empire.
The Parental Lineage
?thelwulf, known as the King of Wessex, was born around 820. He was the 12th ruler of the West Saxons in this period, with his lineage tracing back to Ecgberht, the first king to unite much of England under his rule. Ecgberht instructed his son to embark on an ambitious mission to invade and conquer the Kingdoms of Kent, Sussex, and Essex. This raid was successful, and ?thelwulf became the King of Kent, encompassing its lands while remaining a sub-king to his father Ecgberht. This arrangement was common practice among Anglo-Saxon kings, providing their heirs with valuable experience in governance and allowing newly conquered territories a sense of independence.
?thelwulf's Reign and Succession
?thelwulf succeeded his father, Ecgberht, as the King of Wessex in 839, largely due to his adept handling of governance, military strategy, and religious devotion. His pilgrimage to Rome in 855, despite being controversial, is now viewed by some historians as a testament to his trust and the stability of his reign. He brought his son Alfred with him on this journey and made significant political decisions, such as marrying King Charles of West Francia's daughter, Judith, which resulted in her being crowned 'Queen of Wessex'.
The Family Dynamics and Politics
?thelwulf's reign was complicated by family strife and politics. Upon returning from his pilgrimage, he found his eldest son ?thelbald in rebellion, partly due to the marriage to Judith. However, ?thelwulf negotiated to split the kingdom in half, allowing his second son ?thelberht to retain the Kingdom of Kent. Tragically, ?thelwulf passed away in 858, and his eldest rebellious son, ?thelbald, took the throne. The subsequent history of this family, including the marriages and political alliances, provides a fascinating glimpse into the complex dynastic politics of the time.
Historical Significance
?thelwulf's reign laid the groundwork for his son Alfred's eventual rise to power. By maintaining the stability and unity of Wessex, he ensured that the throne remained within the family, which was crucial for the stability needed to withstand the Viking invasions. Alfred, the eldest surviving son, would later revise his father's will to strengthen his claim to the throne, a move that solidified his position as the rightful successor.
Legacy
?thelwulf's legacy extends far beyond his political career. He played a significant role in forging alliances, particularly with the Mercians, an alliance that would endure long after his reign. His governance tactics, piety, and strategic marriages contributed to the enduring strength of the Wessex kingdom. The foundational work of ?thelwulf's reign laid the groundwork for the future successes of his son Alfred the Great and his grandson Edward the Elder, whose rule further cemented the unity of England.
References:
Michael McCombs, “Why Was ?thelstan Made King of Kent When His Father ?thelwulf Was Already King of Wessex?” [Source Link] Michael McCombs, “Was Edward the Elder a Good King?” [Source Link] Michael McCombs, “How was King Alfred able to beat the Vikings?” [Source Link]Contributor: Michael McCombs