Marvel and the Evolution of Visual Effects: The Roots of Deepfakes vs. Modern Techniques
While Marvel's use of sophisticated digital effects in movies like The Avengers showcases advanced techniques, it did not specifically pave the way for deepfake programs. Deepfake technology primarily relies on machine learning algorithms to create realistic face swaps and manipulations in videos. However, the advancements in visual effects in the film industry, including those seen in Marvel movies, have significantly contributed to the overall development and public awareness of digital manipulation technologies, which can include deepfakes.
The Difference Between CGI and Deepfakes
Much has been discussed about Marvel superimposing Mark Ruffalo's face onto the Hulk's CGI body. However, the portrayal of the Hulk in The Avengers involves a combination of motion capture, CGI, and traditional visual effects. This is more about character animation than deep learning methods used in deepfakes. The Hulk is a 3D model with a face based on Mark Ruffalo's face, not a face superimposed onto the model.
Accuracy and Efficiency: The Marvel Technique
Top-tier 3D modelers can recreate a person's face with around 85 to 95% accuracy. It is often far more efficient to create the model from the outset with the appropriate face than to superimpose a face onto an existing model. Paying two people to do this job when one can achieve the same result is a waste of money. This technique is not unique to Marvel but is widely used in the industry for creating lifelike digital representations.
Examples of Modern Visual Effects in Action
Marvel's techniques are not alone. Other films have utilized similar techniques to create stunning visual effects. For instance, in Blade II, when Wesley does incredible stunts, the character is an animated 3D model that looks virtually identical to Wesley. Similarly, the second Matrix film moved away from the Bullet Time effect, relying on 3D animation for the same visual impact. These are clear examples of using 3D models for realistic portrayal, rather than resorting to deepfake technology.
Comparing Modern CGI to Deepfakes
Even a young Carrie Fisher was recreated for a Star Wars film using CGI. Hollywood has no real need for anything resembling deepfake technology because the creation of CGI versions of anyone or anything is now relatively simple. The technology used in these films is more akin to character animation and visual effects than to deep learning algorithms used in deepfake production.
While Marvel's visual effects have advanced significantly, they are part of a broader evolution in film technology. These advancements have set a precedent for realistic visual effects and made audiences more accustomed to seeing lifelike digital representations. However, the stark differences between traditional visual effects and deepfake technology highlight the unique capabilities and challenges of each.